Analysis Of Garrett Hardins Tragedy Of The Commons

We live in a world where sometimes we are told there are endless resources. The population of the world is growing rapidly, so the question we must ask, are we going to run into a problem where there are too many people in this world and not enough resources to accompany this rapid growth in population? In the article â€Å"Tragedy of the Commons† written by Garrett Hardin, Hardin believes that the population problem cannot be solved in a technical way because the problem involves questions of human freedoms and rights, both of which are issues of morality as opposed to scientific fact. He goes on to explain how we have become too self-interested in the short term that we aren’t looking at the long-term affects. In order to fix the problem†¦show more content†¦The simple answer is no. Some new reserves will be found which will help fossil fuels last longer, but they won’t last forever. New reserves of fossil fuels are becoming harder to find, and those t hat are being discovered are significantly smaller than the ones that have been found in the past.† This goes back to Hardin point of having finite resources. Population in the world in 1968 was around 3.5 billion, and in todays society we are approaching 7.5 billion. If people want to keep their privileges like Hardin says, then there must be change to how we consume our resources, or else I must agree with Hardin that we need to mandate the population. One good comparison Hardin makes is the example of the herdsman bringing in new cattle for personal gain. These men are forced to decide between brining in a extra cattle and gain the benefits, or the negative effect being bringing in another animal and causing overgrazing. The positive outcome almost always wins, which brings in the moral reasoning of if the herdsman is doing the right thing. They want to reap the benefits but Hardin is making the point this selfish decision is going to have consequences down the line to others. After lying out strong starting arguments Hardin makes the case for instituting flexible and adaptable laws. Dealing with the tragedy of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Garrett Hardins The Tragedy Of The Commons784 Words   |  4 PagesGarrett Hardin published in Psychology Today in September 1974. This passage is an excerpt from his popular paper â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† as a warning that overpopulation was dangerous due to how limited Earth’s resources are. This theory is reflected in Hardin’s thesis that the rich should do nothing to help the people of poor nations and turn away those trying to come in. Hardin used the imagery of a lifeboat almost filled in a sea full of drowning people to pose and answer a single questionRead MoreAnalysis Of Octavia Butler s Series Of The Parables1508 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis Description The tragedy of the commons shown in the speculative literature of Octavia Butler provides readers with a window of insight into what is necessary for a community to fall apart as well as a guide for what is necessary to build a sustainable community in a broken, imperfect world. This provided guide, in conjunction with the works of scholars such as Garrett Hardin and Eleanor Ostrom, can be used as a mode of processing the tragedy of the commons plaguing worldwide current eventsRead MoreThe North Atlantic : Stopping Cod Stock Depletion2013 Words   |  9 PagesTragedy in the North Atlantic: Stopping Cod Stock Depletion Daniel Vaysburd ENGR 183EW – Discussion 1H †¢ Add in-text citations U.S. fishermen have been harvesting Atlantic cod since the 17th century; in fact, cod was one of the most lucrative products traded during colonial times. Unfortunately, due to high fishing pressure during the past couple of decades, U.S. stocks of Atlantic cod came close to a commercial collapse in the mid-1990s, so a major effort to rebuild these stocks was implementedRead MoreLifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor - Garrett Hardin What Should A Billionaire Give-and What Should You? - Peter Singer3380 Words   |  14 PagesLifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor - Garrett Hardin What Should A Billionaire Give-and What Should You? - Peter Singer One of the most important issues facing the world today is the issue of the poor. There are many things that can be done about this issue, however much of the world is torn between wanting to help and not knowing how to go about it. This is the issue that is presented in the two essays - Garrett Hardin’s â€Å"Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping The Poor,† andRead MorePublic Health Vs. Federal Law2197 Words   |  9 Pagesmandatory immunizations on populations have been debatable with respect to public health law in the United States. One argued topic is whether the level of authority to administer such mandates resides at the federal or state or state level. An analysis of the United States Constitution provides some clarity. The role of the Federal Government is somewhat limited with regards to public health, and its role marks a clear distinction from state and local authority over health matters. The CommerceRead MorePaul Krugman Microcononomics 16-172 940 Words   |  12 PagesRivalrous (or Rival) Consumption: Does providing the good for one more person mean less for somebody else, or is the marginal cost of providing it to one more person equal to zero? 18 37 Four Types of Goods: Private Goods, Public Goods, Common Resources, and Artificially-Scarce Goods 38 Markets Only Supply Private Goods Efficiently Goods that are both excludable and rivalrous in consumption are private goods that potentially can be efficiently produced and consumed in a competitive

The Fine Arts are Essential for the Attainment of Human...

The Fine Arts are Essential for the Attainment of Human Excellence Fine art exists since the beginning of time. Its creation does not begin with that of mankind, for, verily, nature is the origin of all art; the ultimate of all artists. Humans, however, are not blind to it at birth. Since the bestowal of vision, both physical and that of the mind, man is expressing the desire to make corporeal that which it beholds. Evidence of this is found in ancient cave paintings, an attempt to immortalize a moment from the past, depicting one from another life. Undoubtedly there have also been drawings in the sand made by the tough-skinned fingers of the primordial ancestor. This urge to reincarnate the sights beheld by memory remains in†¦show more content†¦Likewise, the art must be kept simple in the way of its creative process. This is not to mean that the end result may not be complex and detailed, but rather, that often times in excessive planning, deliberation, and in application of rigid sets of rules upon the creation, the purity and pro fundity of the art is lost in â€Å"bearing witness to its own validity.† The goal, thus, is to have the experience of satori each time the act of painting or sculpting occurs, and letting it do the art. Te Taoist tradition also supports this as, from the Tao Te Ching, â€Å"a good artist lets his intuition / lead him wherever it wants,† (Lao Tzu 27). Now, it is still important to know the various techniques associated with the art form in particular. For only if a craft knowledge is attained can the simplicity of the product be, in all actuality, of great intricacy. This can be more easily understood in Lao Tzu’s words, as â€Å"the master knows the utensils, / yet keeps to the block: / thus she can use all things,† (28). Correspondingly, â€Å"true art seems unsophisticated,† (41), and â€Å"true art seems artless,† (45). So if art indeed does attain these attributes—becomes simple, and therefore infinitely elaborate, and is not performed for any reason as may be materially profitable but only for its own sake—then it is, verily, in a pure for and can be the focalShow MoreRelated The Platonist Tradition and the Ordering of Knowledge Essay examples3662 Words   |  15 Pagesbroadens the objects of knowledge in order to include the cosmos and the arts as well as philosophy. Together, these two accounts provide a foundation for understanding the ordering of all knowledge toward the end of the perception of beauty or nobility. There is no dichotomy between the sciences and the humanities: there is only a hierarchy of disciplines according to a scale of metaphysical nobility. The sciences, the arts, history, and philosophy are the steps toward knowledge of Beauty in itselfRead MoreThe UK Education System for Disabled Pupils 3474 Words   |  14 Pagestime children with disabilities were measured to be discouraging, an awkwardness to their families and were therefore abandoned or hidden. Now in Unite d Kingdom, those who have particular needs are ever more attaining recognition in society and their human rights as persons are being recognised, mainly in education. With the approving of significant laws such as Special Education Needs Disability Act (Stationary office 2001). Special education is a dedicated sector of education that is intended to teachRead MoreTeacher and National Development5005 Words   |  21 Pagesknowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another, e.g. instruction in schools. A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. Etymology Etymologically, the word education is derived from the Latin Ä“ducÄ tiÃ…  (â€Å"A breeding, a bringing up, a rearing) from Ä“dÃ… «cÃ…  (â€Å"I educate, I train†) which is related toRead MoreLvmh Strategic Management10280 Words   |  42 PagesStrategic Management LVMH Executive summary ‘’ Represent the most refined qualities of Western Art de Vivre around the world.’’ This is one of the beautiful statements that have helped Louis Vuitton Moet Henessy (LVMH Group) to become the worlds largest luxury goods corporation. The Groups portfolio consists of 60 different prestigious brands with more than 200 stores worldwide. In this report, LVMH’s distinctive competencies and the leading strategies will be analyzed in relation to its currentRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesScience/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. Environment a. Developed vs. Developing b. Should environment be saved at all costs c. Are we doing enough to save the environment? d. Main reasonsRead MoreCollin Technologies Case Study Essay examples33525 Words   |  135 Pages2013 Collin Technologies Case Study Baldrige Performance Excellence Program National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) †¢ United States Department of Commerce July 2013 To obtain Baldrige Program products and services, contact Baldrige Performance Excellence Program Administration Building, Room A600 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1020 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1020 Telephone: (301) 975-2036 Fax: (301) 948-3716 E-mail: baldrige@nist.gov Web: http://www.nist.gov/baldrige The Collin TechnologiesRead MoreA Critical Review of Knowledge Management as a Management Tool8306 Words   |  34 Pagesprerequisite for higher productivity and flexibility in both the private and the public sectors. McKern (1996) argues that powerful forces are reshaping the economic and business world and many call for a fundamental shift in organisation processes and human resources strategy. The prime forces of change include globalisation, higher degrees of complexity, new technology, increased competition, changing client demands, and changing economic and political structures. Organisations are beginning to recogniseRead MoreComparative Study of Education System of Philippines and England9434 Words   |  38 Pagespotential of a maturing organism. Informal education results from the constant effect of environment, and its strength in shaping values and habits can not be overestimated. Formal education is a conscious effort by human society to impart the skills and modes of thought considered essential for social functioning. Techniques of instruction often reflect the attitudes of society, i.e., authoritarian groups typically sponsor dogmatic methods, while democratic systems may emphasize freedom of thought.Read MoreScholastic Performance16086 Words   |  65 Pagesbarkada system † with a weighted mean of 3.11 in terms of studentry. The respondents â€Å"agree† that the implications for career opportunities of the factors affecting their scholastic performance were the following: develops skills and competencies essential for hospitality managers with a weighted mean of 3.15; develops culinary talent and artistry needed to work in the hospitality industry or put up a business with a weighted mean of 3.11; and affects the process of earning certificate or diploma neededRead MorePest Analysis of Cambodia22548 Words   |  91 PagesOrganisation Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development Prek Leap National School of Agriculture Paà ±Ãƒ ±Ã„ sÄ stra University of Cambodia Royal Academy of Cambodia RMIT University, Australia Royal University of Agriculture Royal University of Fine Arts Royal University of Law and Economics Royal University of Phnom Penh University of Battambang University of Cambodia University of Health Science University of Management and Economics World Health Organisation Scoping Study: Research Capacities

The Gender Struggle in A Streetcar Named Desire by...

After two world wars, the balance of power between the genders in America had completely shifted. Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire is a harsh, yet powerful play that exposes the reality of the gender struggle. Williams illustrates society’s changing attitudes towards masculinity and femininity through his eloquent use of dramatic devices such as characterization, dialogue, setting, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Stanley, the protagonist, is a symbol for society’s view of the stereotypical male. He is muscular, forceful, and dominant. Stanley’s domination becomes so overwhelming that he demands absolute control. This view of the male as a large animal is revealed in the opening of the play where Stanley is†¦show more content†¦His statement that: - Be comfortable is my motto is almost contradictory, considering that the character does all he can to put the other characters out of their way, throughout the play. It is through dialogue such as this that audiences are alerted to the fact that Stanley intrinsically fails to consider the implications his own needs and wants have on other people. Instead he is the one in control, the only person invested with power and subsequent command, therefore the only one taken into consideration. A final show of authority is his over powering presence within the poker games. Here he makes powerful statements, passing judgements on the symbolic game, and asserting dominance. Nothing belongs on a poker table but cards, chips, and whisky. It is he who sets such rules, allowing no other comment or opinion. Therefore, it is through using techniques such as dialogue, stage directions, foreshadow, and character, that Tennessee Williams foregrounds society’s attitudes to masculinity within the text. Just as a character is provided to represent the stereotypical male, one is also provided as a representation of femininity. Stella fulfils society’s preconceptions of femininity perfectly, though from today’s perspective they may be considered as misconceptions. Her character is absolutely passive and has a largely domestic role. From her first appearance in the play, she is found inShow MoreRelatedExplorations of Gender Roles in A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams863 Words   |  3 PagesIn the 1947 play, A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennessee Williams explores the aspects of traditional gender roles in society; raising many questions about gender, power, and dominance. Ultimately, though, A Streetcar Named Desire observes the conflict between alpha male Stanley Kowalski and the delicately feminine Blanche DuBois, with wife, sister, and mother-to-be, Stella Kowalski, caught in the middle. Williams investigates the continuing fight for authority, on the one hand, and equality on theRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Analysis825 Words   |  4 PagesTennessee Williams’ 1947 drama, A Streetcar Named Desire, is a work of social realism which demonstrates the destructive impact of machismo on society in the late 1940s. In his raw representation of the human condition, Williams critiques the unrelenting gender roles which adversely affected so many members of his society. Although the drama is aimed at Williams’ society, as an audience member in the 21st century, Streetcar continues to be a confronting example of the past. Furthermore, the ongoingRead More Gender Roles in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Streetcar Named Desire1539 Words   |  7 Pages Many different depictions of gender roles exist in all times throughout the history of American culture and society. Some are well received and some are not. When pitted against each other for all intents and purposes of opposition, the portrayal of the aspects and common traits of m asculinity and femininity are separated in a normal manner. However, when one gender expects the other to do its part and they are not satisfied with the results and demand more, things can shift from normal to extremeRead MoreLooking Back Upon Civil Rights, WomenS Campaign For Suffrage1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto the chagrin of men. In 1947 Tennessee Williams produced his classic play A Streetcar Named Desire. While similar in their quest to bring women’s struggles to the forefront, clashing eras resulted in different literary products. Tack on that Williams, a man, produced a work depicting the environment for females at the time, and these pieces paint a picture of two different times for women from distinct perspectives. The Yellow Wallpaper and A Streetcar Named Desire bear a striking resemblance inRead MoreGender Roles in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles in A Streetcar Named Desire Throughout history empowerment and marginalization has primarily been based on gender. In the play A Streetcar Named Desire, this idea of empowerment is strongly flaunted. Tennessee Williams’ characters, primarily Stanley, Blanche, Mitch, and Stella, conform the expected roles of men and women at the time. Although World War Two temporarily allowed women a place in the work force, they were dismissed from such empowerment when the war came to a close.Read MoreAnalysis of the Women Image, Blanche and Stella, in Tennessee Williams’ a Streetcar Named Desire2909 Words   |  12 PagesSTELLA, IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE 1. Background of Analysis A streetcar Named Desire is a stage play that written by Tennese Wiliams. It first published in 1947 and takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana. In this play, Williams presents women as powerless, weak, and passive characters who are tightly linked to their persecutors due to economic, social, and physical needs. During the time period of Tennessee Williams, author of the play A Streetcar Named Desire, lived in,Read MoreRedefining Gender Roles Of A Streetcar Named Desire1605 Words   |  7 Pages103 8 May 2016 Dissecting Gender Roles in A Streetcar Named Desire The representation of gender roles is among the most prominent recurring subjects in theatre, literature and expressive art as we know it. Gender, and what it means to human beings, is a subject that is as difficult to precisely define as death, race, and the concept of existence. Anne Beall, Ph.D. graduate in Social Psychology at Yale University, details in her book The Psychology of Gender that â€Å"Gender is socially defined masculinityRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams was born as Thomas Lanier Williams on March 26, 1911, in Columbus, Mississippi. He is the son of Cornelius Coffin Williams and Edwina Dakin Williams. As he grew up, he heard stories about the volunteer work of his father as well as the forty-five men his mother dated before she finally decided to settle down (Forman 1). His parents separated in 1909 before his older sister Rose was born. The separation was caused by Cornelius’ problems with womanizingRead MoreSymbolism Of A Street Car Named Desire And The Yellow Wallpaper1487 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism of One’s True Nature in A Street Car Named Desire and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† What is humanity s true nature? Are people basically good, or basically evil? Over the centuries, many people have tried to find the answers to these questions, to no avail. Author Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Tennessee Williams take a definite stance on the issues throughout their work, arguing that people are basically evil hiding their truths. Many times, this theme is obviously stated in the stories, but sometimesRead MoreEssay On A Streetcar Named Desire1184 Words   |  5 PagesSons, or Lost in the Stars? Probably not. Why is it that today, it is still common to hear references to Stanley’s â€Å"STELL-LAHHHHH† in a Streetcar Named Desire, while few other plays of the 1940s remain relevant? First, Streetcar dared to delve into sensitive social topics, from mental illness to homosexuality to addiction, and even mortality. Tennessee Williams’ story of a young couple, Stanley and Stella, whose seemingly happy marriage is disrupted when Stella’s sist er, Blanche, comes to town and

The Great Deal Of Military Scholarship - 1530 Words

There has been a great deal of military scholarship written on the greatest battles of the world and has influenced these armed forces fighting in these grand battles. Two of these scholarships are discussed by Victor Davis Hanson, a military historian specializing on classical warfare and a current professor at California State University, and John A Lynn, a military historian specializing in early modern Europe and is a current professor at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Both books discuss cultural linkage in terms of successful armies and how the victor’s culture resulted in victory, but thesis is problematic because he creates a staunch dichotomy of western battle virtues versus every other armed force in the world. An†¦show more content†¦The high motivation of the soldier often goes hand in hand with the freedom of the soldier fighting. This idea of the soldier’s freedom begins in the Greek city-state as mentioned by Hanson gives these men a sense of individualism, which creates the idea that men are fighting for their families as well as fighting for their livelihood. Hanson also mentions the strict discipline and training of the soldier. This strict training allows for the militaries to be more effective in smaller numbers and Hanson uses the Battle of Rorke’s Drift between the African Zulu’s and The British Royal Army. Though the Zulus vastly outnumbered the British, as well as possessed the same weaponry, they were very well trained and by using decisive battle and weaponry techniques they were able to defeat the Zulu army. The largest piece of the thesis that supports the fact that Western armies are dominant on the battlefield is their ability to adapt and become flexible. Hanson points out that the Japanese had better planes than the Americans in the Battle of Midway, but it was the ability of the Americans to utilize their technology well that eventually lead to an American victory. Hanson also mentions that Western armies are almost amoral

Sacrificial Action Free Essays

In Bhagavad Gita 4. 31, Krishna said to Arjuna, â€Å"Those who eat the nectar of immortality left over from a sacrificial action, they go to the eternal Brahman† (Phillips 80). This passage is taken from the Bhagavad Gita where Krishna, a divine being, and Arjuna, the third of the five brothers fighting for their land. We will write a custom essay sample on Sacrificial Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now With Arjuna having a dilemma of fighting his own kinsmen, Krishna explained to him why the right thing to do is to fight (Phillips 80). In chapter three of the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna explained to Arjuna the meaning of the sacrificial action. It is said to be voluntary doing something or ‘sacrificing’ without thinking of the benefits you will earn after the work, will lead to the supreme good. This is called the yoga of action. Attaining this supreme good exempts you from the law of karma (action and reaction) and thus leads to nirvana (Phillips 81). In chapter four, Krishna pointed out how and why he took the form of a mortal being. According to him, he assumed a mortal personification in order to become a model for those people who would want to attain the supreme good. He also states that he had already turned to a mortal being to be able to tell other people the things the he is now sharing with Arjuna (Phillips 81). The Bhagavad Gita 4. 31 passage is the fourth chapter’s main point. In this passage, Krishna told Arjuna how to be like him or to go to eternal Brahman. The ‘nectar’ he mentioned pertains to the example that he or a doer of sacrificial action makes. And the meaning of ‘eating the nectar’ entails following the examples of doing a sacrificial action, in order to attain supreme good or to be like Krishna (Phillips 82). How to cite Sacrificial Action, Papers

Rhetoric Appeal in the Declaration of Independence free essay sample

Rhetoric appeal in the Declaration of independence On July 4, 1776 a famous world changing document was written by Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence. In Jefferson’s Declaration he used a variety of writing styles and word choice to effectively state why the colonies were leaving Britain. The strongest points in Jefferson’s paper were when he used Ethos and Pathos to appeal emotionally and authoritatively. The format of the document begins with the Preamble followed by the Declaration of Rights and then Jefferson’s list of grievances. His strongest paragraph is the Declaration of Rights. He uses many Ethos and Logos in this part of the document to get his point across successfully. He started off the paragraph rallying together using ethos such as: â€Å"That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. From there he continued to intensify the document and capture his audience even more so using Pathos. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric Appeal in the Declaration of Independence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A great sentence that appealed to the readers emotionally was

Easa Module free essay sample

Tools should be checked before use for serviceability and operators should be trained to use them to prevent damage to the aircraft and personnel. The whereabouts of all personal and company tools should be known at all times. Company Supplied Tooling Tooling should be controlled in a secure tool store which controls and records the issue of all tools. Details of who the tools are issued to and which aircraft it is being used on should be kept at all times to ensure the whereabouts of all tools are known. This is a safety precaution to ensure that there no tolling is accidently left on the aircraft at any time. Tools should be kept in a controlled storage environment in kits or shadow boards and have individual serial numbers. The store keeper should also maintain a list of all tools that require calibration and ensure that all tools are properly calibrated. If any tools are un-calibrated or unserviceable, these tools should be properly labelled and stored in a separate area before being sent for repair or calibration. The store inspector should also perform regular audits on all the tooling in his store to ensure that they are in a good condition and are serviceable. Personal Tool kits Personal tool kits should contain a full contents list so that effective tool checks can be made. All tools should be checked at the beginning and at the end of each shift and when the aircraft is released to service. This is again a safety precaution to prevent any tools from being left on the aircraft accidentally. Shadow boarding and a list or the counting of tools used can be an effective way of monitoring all the tools being used. There is also a new requirement in my company where all personal tools should be inscribed with the name of their owners. This is to create an accountability of all tools that a person owns and prevent these tools form going missing or being stolen. Any personal tools that require calibration should be calibrated and monitored to ensure serviceability. Besides that, all personnel should ensure that their tools are always clean and in a serviceable condition at all times. Company procedures All part 145 maintenance organisations should have detailed company procedures for tools control in their maintenance exposition. These procedures should state rules for daily tool checks, lost or damaged tool procedures, aircraft pre-release checks and calibration requirements. It should also have a procedure for regular audits to be conducted to ensure compliance with the above requirements. Summary Good tool control is essential in helping to preserve flight safety but it requires close monitoring, good communication and constant vigilance from all personnel. Tool control is the responsibility of everybody. 2) On a major hangar inspection, you find corrosion on a panel on an unpressurised area of the fuselage. Detail your action to return the aircraft to service. Introduction Before starting any work, ensure that the aircraft and the environment around the area affected is safe to work on. Assuming that the aircraft is in for a major check, all electrical and hydraulic power should be switched off. If the area affected is part of a flight control system, place placards in the cockpit and pull all necessary circuit breakers. Inspection First and foremost, I would determine the exact location of the corrosion. The area affected could be as vital as a main wing spar or as simple as an access panel. I would then determine the type of corrosion. There are many types of corrosion which could be as severe as intergranular corrosion or as simple as surface corrosion. I would then determine the severity of the damage by taking both of the above factors into account before making my decision to either repair, replace and just simply leaving it alone. Besides those 2 important factors, i would also take into accounts things like time constraints, spares availability and manpower constraints. With that said my final decision would depend on the procedures laid down in the aircraft maintenance manual(AMM) and structural repair manual(SRM). Safety Ensure that there is adequate manpower who are properly trained to perform the job. Ensure that all the people working around the area is aware of the job being carried out. Personnel should be wearing any personal protective equipment like mask, goggles, gloves, etc that is required by the particular job. If the task deals with any chemicals or even the corrosion itself, extra precautions should be observed. Leaving it alone If after performing my inspection and with reference to the applicable manuals, i determine that the corrosion is minor and does not require any further work, i would remove the corrosion using the recommended procedures, re-protect the area and finally certify the required paperwork once i am satisfied that the work has been done up to the required standard. Replacement If after my inspection, i determine the particular panel or component should be replaced instead of repaired, i would remove that particular panel/area based on the procedures stated in the AMM. When fitting the new panel/component, i would ensure that it is serviceable and has the proper documentation with it(EASA Form 1, correct serial number, correct part number, correct batch number, etc) Once i have replaced it, I would perform a functional check if required to verify the correct operation of the component. If everything is found satisfactory, i would issue a certificate to release to service. If a duplicate inspection was required, i would get someone approved to perform the duplicate before i issue the CRS. Repair I would refer to the SRM, CAAIP or the AC 43 for the proper procedures and guidelines. I would start off the repair by removing the corrosion either mechanically or chemically depending on the extent of the damage. Once all the corrosion has been removed, I would perform an inspection and measure the depth and diameter of the affected area. I would then cross-refer those measurements with the limitations in the SRM. If it can be repaired, i would proceed with carry out the repair after due planning to manpower requirements, tooling, work areas and time constraints. Most often than not, if the corrosion is found to be the intergranular corrosion, the part or area would require complete replacement. Once the repair has been carried out, i would re-protect the area. I would the certify the CRS once i am satisfied that the work has been carried out satisfactory. 3) Describe the problem of HRIF and discuss the design features of protection against HIRF? Introduction and problems High intensity radiated field(HIRF) is produced by high energy systems located on ground and occurs at all frequencies. It affects any electronic and digital systems on the aircraft causing affected systems to operate erratically. HIRF enters the aircraft through any apertures, then enters the systems via gaps in the line replaceable units(LRU) or by cables picking up the HIRF. Once inside the fuselage resonance of the radiated filed can cause it to increase significantly. HIRF is most likely to occur on aircraft systems that have been in a cold soar condition. Aircraft and systems can be hardened HIRF by the design features stated below ; Design Features 1) Cables – The design of wire cables incorporate metal braids and twisted pair cables ) Plugs and sockets – Different designs depending on the location of the plug and socket. Some may also incorporate shielding by using a mechanical connection of the cable braid to the metal plug/socket body. 3) Metal protected areas Aluminium Honeycomb wall floor and ceiling panels – This are normally installed around the flight deck and elec trical equipment bays. This is used to ensure that the whole area is encased in a â€Å"metal box†. This prevents the HIRF from getting through to sensitive equipments. 4) EMI Filters – By incorporating built in filters, filter pins and over voltage protection systems. ) Conductive coatings – Electrically conducting window coatings(electric heater film elements) on the flight deck windscreens are used. 6) Good bonding and static wicks – Ensure that the aircraft is properly bonded and is at the required levels of potential and not any more. Summary All wiring, plugs, sockets and screening on the aircraft should be inspected as laid down the maintenance schedule and AMM. The inspection would normally include checks for damage, deterioration, contamination, signs of burning, open circuits, correct assembly, correct torque of plugs/sockets, locking, chafing, corrosion, broken strands, broken screening and etc. There may also be times where the inspections require bonding testing using specialized test equipment. 4) Describe how you would replace an electronics card and the precautions you would take? Introduction An electronics card is normally electro static discharge sensitive(ESDS). This means that any electrical static discharge it comes in contact with could damage it. With that said, special precautions have to be taken when handling this cards. Safety To prevent static discharge from building up, any personnel replacing the card should wear a wrist strap which is a conductive lead connected to the aircraft structure. The resistance of this strap should be greater than 1 MEGAOHM. This is to ensure proper grounding of the personnel. Any ESDS cards when fitted or removed should be placed in a sealed #M series anti-static bag to protect it. This bad should be properly labelled using an ESDS warning label. Replacement I will first refer to the applicable maintenance manual for the correct procedures for removal. I will then remove power from the aircraft to isolate the system. This will of course include pulling the required circuit breakers and placarding the cockpit if required. It is essential that the power is turned off when removing an ESDS component. I will then wear my wrist strap, connect it to the airframe and check its resistance. If its above 1 MEGAOHMS, i will proceed by gaining access to the card and remove it using the extractors if necessary. Before attempting to remove it, i will ensure that all the card connections have been undone. Once i have removed the card, i will place it in an anti-static bag and seal it. If the bag doesn’t have any means for sealing it, i will use a 100 percent cotton twine to seal it. I will then attach a yellow ESDS label to the bag. I will then proceed with the replacement of the new card immediately. Once the replacement is done, i will close the unit, remove my wrist strap and power up the aircraft and system which the card belonged to. If the card replacement requires a functional test, i will proceed with conducting it. Certification Once satisfied with the replacement, i would proceed with certifying the CRS. The will include all the details of the replacement (part number, serial number, batch number, etc). Besides that, i would also attach the FAA 8130-3 or EASA form 1 together with the CRS. ) There is 2inches of wet snow on the aircraft and light snow is falling, the temperature is -2 Celsius, what are your considerations before releasing the aircraft for departure? Frost, ice or snow deposits can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and controllability of an aircraft Safety I will ensure that the aircraft and the surrounding environment is safe to work on and that all safety personal protective equipment like goggles, gloves, non-slip safety boots and etc are worn. The conditions indicate that it is snowing heavily and there is a high probability of ice formation. There are 2 main ways of removing snow which are mechanically(by using brushes) or chemically(by using a special fluid commonly known as Freeze Point Depressant(FPD) . Mechanical method Safety –I will ensure that no damage is caused to the aircraft during the whole process. Extra precautions has to be taken into consideration because the brushes used might cause damage to the vortex generators, aerials and even the electrical probes. Besides that, i would ensure that there are no scratches on the aircraft skin. The mechanical method is considered the old way of doing this. It has the disadvantage of being time consuming and there is an added risk of damage to the aircraft. Chemical method Safety – I will ensure that the chemicals used are in accordance to the approved specifications required. All openings/intakes or anything that could be damaged by the fluid will be covered or blanked. The fluids used are both de-icing and anti-icing fluids which means it will remove the wet snow and then it will further protect the surface from snow building up again. When using this method, the choice of fluid is very important. I will only make the choice after taking into considerations the ambient conditions. The choice made will be in accordance to the manufacturer guidelines. This method of removal should only be done by personnel who are properly trained and equipped. After removal After removal, i will perform an inspection to ascertain the level of remaining ice if any, any damage that might have been caused by the process, any sign of reforming ice, the freedom of movement of all control surfaces and finally perform a re-lubrication of any components if necessary. Once i am satisfied, the whole procedure should be noted in the technical log which would include details of the estimated holdover time and type of fluid that i used. I will then certify it as an approved signatory An important consideration that needs to be taken into account is the holdover time. The aircraft will only be able to remain on serviceable to takeoff if it takes off within the holdover time. If the holdover time has been exceeded, the whole process will have to be repeated. The holdover time will depend on the ambient conditions, type of fluid used and concentration level. 6) Micrometers and dial test indicators are used as precision equipment. Discuss the use of these equipment, their limitations and state the precautions to be taken when using them? Introduction The ability of the human eye to accurately read the graduations of a scale is limited. The need for precision instrument as small as ten-thousands of an inch has necessitated the development of equipment which are capable of this function. Both the micrometers and dial test indicators are an example of instruments which perform this function. Safety Both this instruments require routine calibration. Ensure before usage that the instrument calibration date is current. Micrometers The micrometer is a device used to make small measurements. This nstrument is used to measure the thickness of sheet metal, the out of roundness of cylindrical objects and etc. The English micrometer for example is designed to accurately measure to one-thousand of an inch. . The basic micrometer is used on a number of different devices like the micrometer calliper, inside micrometer and depth gauges. The most commonly used is the micrometer calliper. The basic parts of a micrometer calliper inclu de a frame which resembles a C-clamp, an anvil, a spindle, a sleeve and a timble. Micrometers are designed for a range of measurement of 1 inch. The size of the frame determines if the micrometer will measure form 0 to 1 inch, 1 to 2 inch or another range. Limitation It can measure up to 0. 001 inch for a micrometer calliper, 0. 0001 inch for a vernier micrometer Precautions during usage As this is a precision instrument, it should be handled with care or the accuracy will be destroyed. Always keep the micrometer clean and in its required casing. Occasionally, put a drop of light oil on the screw threads and then wipe it with an oily cloth to prevent tarnish and rust. When taking a measurement, use very light pressure. This can be done by setting the micrometer to an oversize dimension and then use the ratchet stop to clamp the spindle against the subject. This will prevent over tightening the object will lead to an inaccurate reading and also damage to the micrometer itself. Dial Test Indicator (DTI) Dial test indicators are precision instruments used to determine the amount of movement existing between certain engine and airframe parts. These indicators are also used to measure alignments of shafts and to check the smoothness of a surface. The DTI are not used for measuring the actual size but to indicate small differences in size. It is graduated in thousands of an inch. Limitations – It can measure up to 0. 001 inch Precaution during usage – Same as the micrometer, this is also regarded as a precision instrument and should be used with care. When not in use it should always be stored in its required casing. 7) Describe how you would make a hole in metal, composite and wood. Discuss in the context of aircraft maintenance. State the precautions to be taken and include any limits or tolerance that the usage of these tools can achieve? Introduction As a maintenance technician, i am often faced with the task of making accurately sized holes in all types of different materials. The tool normally used for drilling such holes is the spiral or twist drill. There are many different types of drills available so i generally have to use different drills, drill speeds, cutting agents and pressure when dealing with different materials. There are two main types of drill machines that can used which are the stationary type (pillar) and the portable type(pneumatic, electric and etc) . The selection of a drill machine should be suited to the job requirement(size, speed, range and configuration) Safety When drilling, personal protection equipment like glasses, goggles or face shields must be used to protect the eyes. The chuck key should always be removed before starting drilling to prevent serious injury. When drilling through structure, always give warning to any personnel working on the opposite side. Always only use a sharp drill with the correct point angle. Never use a drill that is bent. Do not wear any loose clothing or id tags which have the risk of becoming entangled with the drill. General drilling procedure I would first select the correct speed of the drill machine. I would then select the correct type of drill and install it in the chuck. I would then clamp the work piece. I would ensure that i am wearing my eye protection before starting the drilling process. I would then start the drill and press the drill into the work piece using the recommended feed range. I would see the formation of curling chips (swaft). Once the hole has been cut, i would stop the machine and remove the work piece. Metal Drilling Safety – If drilling magnesium or titanium alloys, always ensure that there is fire extinguisher next to you. Metal drills are made of carbon steel, high carbon steel and steel alloys. They are normally made up of three main parts (shank, body and flutes). When drilling soft material like lead and very soft aluminium, the cutting should be 90 degrees. For very hard material like stainless steel, the cutting angle is 150 degrees. The most common drill cutting angle used for normal materials is 118 degrees. The tolerance of a drill diameter for the hole diameter as stated in the SRM of a Boeing 737 is as follows, 1/16 inch to 1/8 inch is +0. 0000 to -0. 0005 inch, 1/8 inch to ? nch is +0. 0000 to -0. 0007inch and above ? is +0. 0000 to -0. 0010 inch. Wood drilling There are three types of wood bit normally used in aviation maintenance. They include the auger bit, the forstner bit and the flat wood boring bit. The tolerance of a drill diameter for the hole diameter is wood is pretty bad. Composite drilling Safety – Do not use cutting coolant when drilling holes into bonded honeycomb or f oam core structures. The coolant may seep into and remain in the structure after the drilling. Drilling holes in composite materials prevents different problems from hose encountered in drilling metal. Composites are more difficult to drill and are more susceptible to failures. Delamination, fracture, breakout and separation are the most common type of failure that might happen. To reduce the possibility of damage, the composite should also be backed by a wood block. Carbide and diamond drill bits are normally used to drill on all types of composites. An exception to this is aramid fibre where only a brad point and c-shaped cutting edge should be used to reduce the amount of fuzz produced. The best cutting angle for composites is 135 degrees. 8) There is water contamination in the fuel tank. How would you carry out a water fuel contamination test and what are the other tests you could carry out? Introduction The different types of fuel contamination are water contamination which can cause problems through freezing or gelling of fuel in filters, solid particle contamination which causes blockages and microbial contamination which can cause corrosion. All of this are a risk to flight safety which is why fuel contamination checks are necessary. Safety The aircraft should be in a safe condition for maintenance in accordance with the appropriate maintenance manual. The aircraft should be correctly bonded and the person taking the fuel sample should be qualified and properly trained to do so. The person taking the sample should be aware of all fire and health and safety risks and turn off all portable electronic devices. Samples should be taken and tested with the appropriate maintenance manual and all necessary personal protective equipment like goggles should be worn. Fuel samples taken should be stored in a clean clear glass jars for a minimum of 7 days. There should be clearly labelled and when disposed of, they should be disposed of in accordance with the maintenance facilities company procedures. Taking the sample The maintenance manual will explain where to take the sample from and how to check it for contamination. Fuel samples are normally taken from the fuel sumps. Water contamination may be detected by using a visual assessment or chemical water detector (litmus paper or water finding paste). The colour of AVGAS is blue, red or green while jet A-1 fuel is un-dyed and can vary in appearance between the colour of clear water to straw yellow. A visual assessment can’t be used for turbine fuels. Turbine fuels should only be tested using a chemical water detector. The chemical water detector will normally change colour to indicate the presence of water. If a sample is found to contain water, the water contamination test should be repeated to reaffirm the finding. If water contamination is confirmed to be found, refer to the appropriate maintenance manual for the next course of action. The next course of action would normally include draining all the fuel in the fuel tank until the contamination has been eliminated. The fuel filters might also require inspection for any signs of contamination. Further investigation may also include removal of fuel tank access panels and fuel tank entry. Other test Microbial growth test – This test would normally include the same procedure as above for getting a fuel sample. The fuel sample would then be tested using approved test kits like FUELSTAT and MicrobMonitor 2 or even sent to the laboratory. Certification Any work carried out must be inspected and certified by an appropriately licensed engineer with the appropriate aircraft type approval. The certifying engineer must issue a certificate to release to service and enter a maintenance statement in the technical log. 9) You notice there is no hydraulic indicated on the LH system. Detail your action Assumptions As there is no hydraulic indication on the LH system, i would assume that the aircraft is already powered up and the hydraulic pumps have been turned on. Before consulting the manuals and gathering further information, i would carry out some simple troubleshooting. First, i would look at the circuit breaker panel to determine if any of the circuit breakers has been pulled. If that doesn’t work, i would carry out a bite test from the cockpit. If both of those don’t work, i would proceed with the next step. Gathering information I would refer to the technical log to determine if the defect is a known defect or it is new. If it is already written in the technical log, i would refer to the deferred defect log to see if any rectification or troubleshooting has been done. If it is not a known defect, i would refer again to the technical log to see if the aircraft has a history of this defect and what were the rectifications that had been carried out. If the aircraft has a system like EICAS or ECAM, i would refer to the synoptic pages or maintenance pages to determine if the pumps or other components are working. If the aircraft has a central maintenance computer like the Boeing 777, i would access the maintenance access terminal to interrogate the system and determine what the possible problem is. I would then consult the aircraft maintenance manual and troubleshooting manual for the rectification procedures. Safety Turn off the hydraulic power before carrying out any troubleshooting or rectification work. Isolate all electrical power from the aircraft and pull any necessary circuit breakers. If electrical or hydraulic power is needed for the troubleshooting process, take all necessary safety precautions like informing all the people working around the aircraft and ensure that you get clearance from the personnel on ground before switching it on. Wear any personal protective equipment if required. Troubleshooting With reference to the aircraft maintenance manual and troubleshooting manual, the possible causes could be as follows; 1) Indicator inoperative ) Sensor inoperative 3) Wiring defective or short circuit 4) Hydraulic pump inoperative Rectification If any of the components needed replacement, i would first remove the component in accordance with the aircraft maintenance manual. The removed component would be properly labelled and placed in quarantine. The new component received should have an EASA Form 1 or FAA 8130-3. I would ensure that it complies with the generic requirements for acceptance of new parts and bogus parts as stated in CAP 747. I would also ensure that it is serviceable and in good condition. Certification and documentation I would get someone to perform a duplicate inspection if necessary before signing the CRS. I would also make a maintenance statement in the technical log and clear it to allow the aircraft into the service. 10) Describe the inspection insitu of a brake unit. What would be your actions if you find a brake unit worn to limits? Introduction The aircraft brakes are one of the most critical components on the aircraft. Its failure could has a devastating impact of the aircraft and the safety of its passengers. With that in mind, the inspection of the brake unit is normally done in-situ on every aircraft during a transit check. Safety Always install the landing gear down lock pins and steering system bypass pin is to prevent injury to any personnel working on the landing gear due to sudden retraction. Ensure that there are chocks on the tires. If hydraulic power is required, ensure that all personnel are informed and clear of the flight controls surfaces, thrust reverser and landing gear. This is to prevent any injury to personnel because this components can move suddenly when hydraulic power is applied. Inspection The inspection of a brake is divided into a few parts. First i would examine the brake unit for wear. This has to be done with the brakes set. Once the brakes have been applied, i would check the wear indicator pins. As long as the wear indicator pins are within the limitations of the aircraft maintenance manual, the brake is still considered serviceable. To get a fully accurate reading of this, the brakes should be cold. Besides that i would also ensure that there are no wear indicator pins missing. Second, i would inspect the brake unit for any leaks. Special attention should be paid to the brake pistons, brake housing ports, inlet and drain ports and bleed ports. This should be done with the brakes released and the brake set. If any leaks are found, cross refer the limitations in the aircraft maintenance manual with the leak rate that is found. Finally i will do a general visual inspection of the brake unit for any signs of cracks, broken parts, distortions, parts that show a large amount of wear and any other damage which is visible. Replacement Safety – Ensure that the required circuit breakers are pulled out and the cockpit is properly placarded to ensure no one accidentally operates the brakes or switches on the hydraulic system when the replacement task is be carried out. This can cause serious injury to personnel. If the brake unit is still hot, ensure that the unit is adequately cooled down before any personnel starts working on it. This again can cause serious injury to the personnel. If the brake unit requires replacement, i would order a replacement brake unit with reference to the Illustrated parts catalog(IPC). I would pay particular attention to the aircraft effectivity and the modification status of the unit when ordering the new unit. I would then remove the old brake unit in accordance with the aircraft maintenance manual. The removed unit would be properly labelled using an unserviceable label and placed in quarantine. The new brake unit should have an EASA form 1/FAA 8130-3. I would ensure that the unit received is the correct unit by cross-checking the part number, serial number, modification status and etc with the one that i ordered. I would also ensure that it complies with the generic requirements for acceptance of new parts and bogus parts as stated in CAP 747 and that the unit is serviceable and in a good condition. The installation task for a new brake unit requires it to be tightened to a certain torque limit. As a safety precaution, i would ensure that the torque wrenches used are in good condition and calibrated. Certification and documentation I as an approved personnel will certify the certificate to release to service once i am satisfied with the replacement. I would also make a maintenance statement in the technical log to allow the aircraft into service.